K230 Memory Analysis Guide#
Small Core Memory Usage Analysis#
Static Memory Usage in Linux Kernel#
size Tool#
The size tool can be used to check the sizes of text, data, and bss sections of the kernel image. The location of vmlinux is k230_sdk/output/k230_evb_defconfig/little/linux. Navigate to this directory and use the size tool to check vmlinux.
$ size -G vmlinux
text data bss total filename
9550790 5033374 375793 14959957 vmlinux
ksize.py Script#
In the tools directory of the Linux source code, there is a script named ksize.py, which can parse the built-in.a files in the kernel directory and display the parsed content sorted by size.
$ ./source/tools/ksize.py vmlinux
Linux Kernel total | text data bss
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
vmlinux 14959957 | 10010970 4573194 375793
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
drivers/built-in.a 4060898 | 3757793 257384 45721
fs/built-in.a 3450902 | 2984349 439120 27433
net/built-in.a 3103220 | 2635627 392278 75315
kernel/built-in.a 2258370 | 1402705 668085 187580
mm/built-in.a 581664 | 480740 94560 6364
lib/built-in.a 494079 | 488689 3038 2352
block/built-in.a 242212 | 219496 20060 2656
crypto/built-in.a 165559 | 151371 14113 75
arch/riscv/built-in.a 117201 | 46516 43788 26897
ipc/built-in.a 60699 | 57375 3296 28
security/built-in.a 45740 | 43716 1944 80
init/built-in.a 31148 | 20394 10617 137
certs/built-in.a 1241 | 1217 16 8
usr/built-in.a 520 | 520 0 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sum 14613453 | 12290508 1948299 374646
delta 346504 | -2279538 2624895 1147
drivers total | text data bss
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
drivers/built-in.a 4060898 | 3757793 257384 45721
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
drivers/net/built-in.a 620309 | 589318 30918 73
drivers/usb/built-in.a 531811 | 500758 27947 3106
drivers/gpu/built-in.a 436282 | 426932 9262 88
drivers/media/built-in.a 305133 | 282425 12048 10660
drivers/mtd/built-in.a 287895 | 272626 12317 2952
drivers/tty/built-in.a 256154 | 225035 21385 9734
drivers/base/built-in.a 206309 | 191470 13710 1129
drivers/mmc/built-in.a 178193 | 168267 9882 44
drivers/scsi/built-in.a 150154 | 124680 24788 686
drivers/hid/built-in.a 106225 | 97793 8360 72
drivers/clk/built-in.a 90344 | 83123 7141 80
drivers/video/built-in.a 83938 | 76886 3240 3812
drivers/gpio/built-in.a 77888 | 74920 2920 48
drivers/i2c/built-in.a 73855 | 61913 8438 3504
drivers/input/built-in.a 71037 | 68181 2836 20
drivers/of/built-in.a 64023 | 58745 602 4676
drivers/spi/built-in.a 56824 | 50320 6480 24
drivers/char/built-in.a 45568 | 34511 10265 792
drivers/dma/built-in.a 37291 | 35993 1062 236
drivers/firmware/built-in.a 36744 | 33437 2477 830
drivers/crypto/built-in.a 31999 | 27463 3292 1244
drivers/thermal/built-in.a 30926 | 27157 3752 17
drivers/dma-buf/built-in.a 29547 | 26747 2668 132
drivers/virtio/built-in.a 27405 | 25984 1413 8
drivers/iio/built-in.a 27146 | 26470 664 12
drivers/block/built-in.a 25557 | 24084 1393 80
drivers/power/built-in.a 22133 | 14605 6848 680
drivers/soc/built-in.a 19576 | 10632 8912 32
drivers/leds/built-in.a 14605 | 13945 636 24
drivers/pwm/built-in.a 13628 | 11708 1792 128
drivers/watchdog/built-in.a 13598 | 13067 501 30
drivers/ras/built-in.a 12633 | 8089 4528 16
drivers/nvmem/built-in.a 11866 | 10962 904 0
drivers/misc/built-in.a 10180 | 9916 264 0
drivers/perf/built-in.a 8979 | 7839 488 652
drivers/reset/built-in.a 8579 | 8095 484 0
drivers/phy/built-in.a 7297 | 7138 151 8
drivers/irqchip/built-in.a 5992 | 5248 728 16
drivers/clocksource/built-in.a 3633 | 3229 400 4
drivers/canaan-hwtimer/built-in.a 3553 | 3273 224 56
drivers/mfd/built-in.a 2350 | 2122 224 4
drivers/canaan-hardlock/built-in.a 1312 | 1096 208 8
drivers/pci/built-in.a 164 | 164 0 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sum 4048635 | 3746366 256552 45717
delta 12263 | 11427 832 4
fs total | text data bss
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fs/built-in.a 3450902 | 2984349 439120 27433
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fs/nfs/built-in.a 831393 | 586545 243616 1232
fs/*.o 605562 | 543984 44914 16664
fs/ext4/built-in.a 535651 | 439889 94598 1164
fs/ubifs/built-in.a 233606 | 232778 704 124
fs/ntfs/built-in.a 178875 | 175071 3724 80
fs/nls/built-in.a 147032 | 146220 552 260
fs/proc/built-in.a 103930 | 102710 1140 80
fs/jffs2/built-in.a 89382 | 88050 1032 300
fs/hfsplus/built-in.a 89010 | 66622 22372 16
fs/fuse/built-in.a 83342 | 82094 1192 56
fs/jbd2/built-in.a 79685 | 67144 12421 120
fs/fat/built-in.a 62368 | 61689 627 52
fs/lockd/built-in.a 56531 | 52860 1415 2256
fs/ext2/built-in.a 51552 | 51288 256 8
fs/exfat/built-in.a 50232 | 49891 293 48
fs/hfs/built-in.a 44570 | 44342 220 8
fs/9p/built-in.a 38537 | 37968 541 28
fs/iomap/built-in.a 29506 | 23726 5556 224
fs/kernfs/built-in.a 24668 | 20038 494 4136
fs/debugfs/built-in.a 24646 | 24342 288 16
fs/configfs/built-in.a 23513 | 22733 752 28
fs/autofs/built-in.a 21641 | 21433 208 0
fs/notify/built-in.a 20350 | 18913 972 465
fs/sysfs/built-in.a 11121 | 10825 276 20
fs/devpts/built-in.a 4019 | 3383 628 8
fs/tracefs/built-in.a 3327 | 3191 120 16
fs/exportfs/built-in.a 2512 | 2488 24 0
fs/ramfs/built-in.a 2379 | 2299 80 0
fs/nfs_common/built-in.a 1962 | 1833 105 24
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sum 3450902 | 2984349 439120 27433
delta 0 | 0 0 0
net total | text data bss
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
net/built-in.a 3103220 | 2635627 392278 75315
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
net/wireless/built-in.a 537167 | 416358 118041 2768
net/mac80211/built-in.a 530597 | 448777 81720 100
net/core/built-in.a 496384 | 441682 49334 5368
net/ipv4/built-in.a 490329 | 455868 21793 12668
net/sunrpc/built-in.a 424309 | 301164 86725 36420
net/ipv6/built-in.a 330602 | 305628 12017 12957
net/9p/built-in.a 74446 | 59002 15140 304
net/ethtool/built-in.a 65232 | 64314 831 87
net/netlink/built-in.a 37972 | 36352 1584 36
net/unix/built-in.a 31131 | 26138 876 4117
net/packet/built-in.a 29875 | 29087 786 2
net/*.o 26420 | 24930 1014 476
net/sched/built-in.a 14230 | 12813 1417 0
net/bpf/built-in.a 6775 | 6211 564 0
net/dns_resolver/built-in.a 4191 | 3835 344 12
net/ethernet/built-in.a 3560 | 3468 92 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sum 3103220 | 2635627 392278 75315
delta 0 | 0 0 0
kernel total | text data bss
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
kernel/built-in.a 2258370 | 1402705 668085 187580
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The `nm` command can be used to view the sizes of symbols in the kernel module. For example:
```shell
$ nm --size -r vmlinux | head -10
0000000000058000 d _printk_rb_static_infos
0000000000020000 b __log_buf
0000000000018000 d _printk_rb_static_descs
0000000000008000 b write_buf.0
0000000000008000 d ftrace_stacks
0000000000003b88 r edid_cea_modes_1
0000000000003b2e T hidinput_connect
00000000000039c0 R v4l2_dv_timings_presets
0000000000002b4e t ntfs_fill_super
0000000000002b4c t ext4_fill_super
The output has three columns indicating size, symbol type, and symbol name. For symbol types:
b/B - Symbol is in the bss section
t/T - Symbol is in the text section
d/D - Symbol is in the data section
r/R - Symbol is in the rodata section
Dynamic Memory Usage Analysis in Linux#
free#
In the Linux user space command line, executing the free command provides the current memory usage of the system.
[root@canaan ~]# free
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 106028 28260 39824 84 37944 57024
Swap: 0 0 0
total: Total memory available to the Linux kernelused: Memory currently used by the systemfree: Memory currently free in the systemshared: Shared memorybuff/cache: Physical memory used by buffers and cacheavailable: Physical memory available for applications
/proc/meminfo Node#
You can use cat /proc/meminfo to further observe the memory usage in Linux.
[root@canaan ~]# cat /proc/meminfo
MemTotal: 106028 kB
MemFree: 39744 kB
MemAvailable: 56976 kB
Buffers: 356 kB
Cached: 10052 kB
SwapCached: 0 kB
Active: 5024 kB
Inactive: 7008 kB
Active(anon): 84 kB
Inactive(anon): 1624 kB
Active(file): 4940 kB
Inactive(file): 5384 kB
Unevictable: 0 kB
Mlocked: 0 kB
SwapTotal: 0 kB
SwapFree: 0 kB
Dirty: 0 kB
Writeback: 0 kB
AnonPages: 1660 kB
Mapped: 3520 kB
Shmem: 84 kB
KReclaimable: 27600 kB
Slab: 39244 kB
SReclaimable: 27600 kB
SUnreclaim: 11644 kB
KernelStack: 912 kB
PageTables: 240 kB
NFS_Unstable: 0 kB
Bounce: 0 kB
WritebackTmp: 0 kB
CommitLimit: 53012 kB
Committed_AS: 14572 kB
VmallocTotal: 67108863 kB
VmallocUsed: 2440 kB
VmallocChunk: 0 kB
Percpu: 136 kB
MemTotal,MemFree,Buffers,Cached,SwapCached: Refer to the explanation offreeMemAvailable: Calculated usingMemFree,Active(file),Inactive(file),SReclaimable, and the low watermark in/proc/zoneinfobased on a specific algorithm. It’s an estimate, not precise, and is used to evaluate the memory available for application use.Active/Inactive:Activeindicates recently used memory with low priority for reclamation;Inactiveindicates less recently used memory with high priority for reclamation.AnonPages: Anonymous pagesMapped: Size of mapped devices or files, such as shared memory, dynamic libraries, and files mapped withmmap.slab/SReclaimable/SUnreclaim: Memory used by the kernel slab, including reclaimable and non-reclaimable parts.KernelStack: Size of the kernel stackPageTables: Size of the page tables (used to translate virtual addresses to physical addresses). This memory increases as more memory is allocated.CommitLimit/Committed_AS: Overcommit threshold/already requested memory size (not allocated). Overcommit is a Linux memory allocation strategy to run more and larger programs by responding “yes” to most memory allocation requests, resulting in total requested memory exceeding total physical memory.VmallocTotal/VmallocUsed/VmallocChunk: Size of the vmalloc area/size used in the vmalloc area/largest available contiguous block in the vmalloc area.
Large Core Memory Usage Analysis#
The memory of the large core mainly includes the following:
Static memory usage of the rt-smart kernel image
rt-smart heap memory, mainly used by the rt-smart kernel
rt-smart page memory, mainly used by user-space malloc
MMZ memory used by multimedia, dedicated to multimedia devices
Static Analysis#
Using the size Tool#
The size tool can be used to check the sizes of text, data, and bss sections of the rt-smart image. The rtthread.elf is located at k230_sdk/output/k230_evb_defconfig/big/rt-smart$.
$ size -G rtthread.elf
text data bss total filename
3052420 26852 612126 3691398 rtthread.elf
Dynamic Analysis#
Heap Memory#
Use the free command to check the heap memory usage of rt-smart, in bytes.
msh /> free
memheap pool size max used size available size
-------------------- ---------- ------------- --------------
heap 33554432 1111520 33141096
pool size: Total size of the heap’s physical memorymax used size: Maximum historical usage of physical memoryavailable size: Currently available physical memory
Page Memory#
Use list_page to check page memory.
msh /> list_page
level 0 [0x07ffc000][0x07b5c000][0x07b68000]
level 1 [0x0315e000][0x07b6a000][0x07b5e000]
level 2 [0x07ff8000][0x07b6c000][0x07b58000]
level 3 [0x07b50000][0x07b60000]
level 4 [0x07b40000][0x07b70000][0x07fe0000]
level 5 [0x03160000][0x07fc0000]
level 6 [0x07b00000][0x07f80000]
level 7 [0x07b80000][0x03180000][0x07f00000]
level 8 [0x07a00000][0x07e00000]
level 9 [0x03200000][0x07800000][0x07c00000]
level 10 [0x03400000]
level 11 [0x07000000][0x03800000]
level 12 [0x06000000]
level 13 [0x04000000]
level 14
level 15
level 16
level 17
level 18
level 19
level 20
level 21
level 22
level 23
level 24
level 25
level 26
level 27
level 28
level 29
level 30
level 31
level 32
level 33
level 34
level 35
level 36
level 37
level 38
level 39
level 40
level 41
level 42
level 43
level 44
level 45
level 46
level 47
level 48
level 49
level 50
level 51
free pages is 00004e95
used pages is 0000000d
max used pages is 00000992
max used pages memory is 10035200 bytes
-------------------------------
free pages: Number of currently available pagesused pages: Number of currently used pagesmax used pages: Maximum historical usage of pages
Multimedia Dedicated Memory#
You can check using the /proc/ filesystem.
msh /> cat /proc/media-mem
+---ZONE: PHYS(0x10000000, 0x1FAFFFFF), GFP=0, nBYTES=257024KB, NAME="anonymous"
---MMZ_USE_INFO:
total size=257024KB(251MB),used=0KB(0MB + 0KB),remain=257024KB(251MB + 0KB),zone_number=1,block_number=0
This concludes the translation.